Valencia: Where History and Modernity Converge

Valencia is a beautiful city with a rich history and a thriving maritime culture. It's a popular destination for cruise tourists, and there are plenty of attractions to explore during a cruise stop, if you contact local tour guides registered on the PRIVATE GUIDE WORLD platform at https://pg.world, they will organize an individual tour for you according to a convenient schedule, at your usual pace, and in your native language.

Valencia City Hall on Plaza del Ayuntamiento in Valencia, Spain

Valencia has a rich and diverse historical background that spans thousands of years. Here's an overview of its historical development:

• Ancient Origins:
  • Valencia's history can be traced back to ancient times when it was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC under the name Valentia Edetanorum. It was strategically located on the banks of the Turia River and served as a vital Roman trading hub.
• Visigothic and Moorish Rule:
  • After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Valencia saw a period of Visigothic rule until it was conquered by the Moors in 714 AD.
  • The Moors established Valencia as an important center for agriculture, trade, and culture during their rule, which lasted for several centuries.

Detail of the painting Triumphal entry of King James I into the city of Valencia (1884), Fernando Richart Montesinos (Castelló 1858), Fine Arts Museum of Castelló. Oil on canvas 390 x 665 cm. Prado museum depot

• Reconquista and Christian Rule:
  • The Christian Reconquista effort in the 13th century eventually led to the recapture of Valencia from Moorish rule in 1238 by King James I of Aragon.
  • Under Christian rule, Valencia flourished as a Mediterranean trading port and became part of the Crown of Aragon.
• The Golden Age:
  • Valencia experienced a period of prosperity during the 15th and 16th centuries, known as its Golden Age. This era saw the city's economic and cultural growth, with thriving trade, silk production, and the emergence of the Valencian school of painting.
• The Silk Exchange (La Lonja de la Seda):
  • Built during the 15th century, La Lonja de la Seda is a symbol of Valencia's economic and cultural prominence during the Renaissance. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and showcases the city's historical importance as a trading center.

Lonja de la Seda

• Modern Era:
  • Valencia's history continued to evolve through the modern era, marked by political changes, including the War of Spanish Succession and the establishment of the Kingdom of Spain.
  • In the 19th and 20th centuries, Valencia experienced industrialization and urban development.
• The Spanish Civil War:
  • Valencia played a significant role during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) as the capital of the Spanish Republic. The city witnessed intense battles and political upheaval during this time.

Valencia roundabout, night view at contemporary street in Valencia downtown, Spain

• Contemporary Valencia:
  • Today, Valencia is a vibrant and modern city that preserves its historical heritage while embracing the future. It's known for its cultural diversity, economic vitality, and as a major Mediterranean port.

Valencia's historical legacy is visible throughout the city, from its ancient architecture to its museums and cultural institutions. Tourists visiting Valencia during a cruise stop have the opportunity to explore this rich history and experience the unique blend of ancient and modern influences that define the city.

Arco de la calle de la Barchilla, Valencia, España

Valencia's medieval period time

The medieval period in Valencia's history was marked by significant developments, including cultural, architectural, and political changes. Here are some interesting facts about Valencia during its medieval period:

• The Kingdom of Valencia: During the medieval period, Valencia was an important part of the Crown of Aragon, a powerful Christian kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula. It had its own distinct laws and privileges, known as the Furs of Valencia, which granted it a degree of autonomy within the kingdom.
• The Silk Trade: Valencia became renowned for its silk production during the 15th century. The city's silk industry boomed, and its silk fabrics were highly sought after in Europe. This period of prosperity is often referred to as the Silk Exchange era.

 Courtyard of the Llotja de la Seda, Valencia, Spain

• The Silk Exchange (La Lonja de la Seda): Built between 1482 and 1548, La Lonja de la Seda is one of the most iconic landmarks from Valencia's medieval period. This stunning example of Gothic civil architecture served as the city's silk exchange and a place for merchants to conduct business. Its intricate stone carvings and grand hallways are a testament to the wealth and importance of Valencia during this time.
• The Water Tribunal (Tribunal de las Aguas): Dating back to the 10th century, the Water Tribunal of the Plain of Valencia is one of the oldest legal institutions in Europe. It still meets every Thursday at noon in front of the Cathedral to settle water disputes related to the city's extensive irrigation system, a testament to Valencia's agricultural heritage.
• Religious Architecture: Valencia boasts several remarkable churches and cathedrals built during the medieval period. The Valencia Cathedral, for instance, blends Gothic, Romanesque, and Baroque styles and houses the Holy Grail Chapel. The Church of Santos Juanes is another example of stunning Gothic architecture.
• Valencian Language: The Valencian language, a variant of the Catalan language, developed during the medieval period. It has its own distinct dialect and cultural heritage and is still spoken and written in the region today.
• Cultural Exchange: Valencia was a melting pot of cultures during the medieval period, with influences from the Moors, Christians, and Jews. This cultural exchange enriched the city's traditions, art, and cuisine, creating a unique Valencian identity.
• Festivals and Traditions: Many of Valencia's traditional festivals have their roots in the medieval period. For example, Las Fallas, a world-famous celebration featuring elaborate sculptures and pyrotechnics, has its origins in the Middle Ages.

The rooftop of the town hall meeting room, old palace, Sogorb

• Mudejar Architecture: Valencia's medieval period saw the development of Mudejar architecture, a style that blended Islamic and Christian elements. This style can be seen in buildings like the Church of Santa Catalina, which features Mudejar-style ceilings and decorations.
• Medieval Walls: Valencia was fortified with impressive medieval walls and gates, some of which are still standing today. The Torres de Serranos and Torres de Quart are two well-preserved gate towers that once guarded the city's entrances.

These interesting facts highlight the cultural, economic, and architectural significance of Valencia during its medieval period. Visitors to Valencia can explore these historical treasures and experience the city's rich heritage firsthand.

Torre de Serranos gate in Valencia, Spain

Unlocking Valencia's Hidden Treasures: Why You Need a Local Private Tour Guide

As you plan your exciting cruise stop in this beautiful port city, steeped in history and brimming with culture, it's important to consider the invaluable experience that a local private tour guide in Valencia can provide. While exploring this enchanting Mediterranean gem, hiring a knowledgeable guide isn't just an option; it's a necessity.

• A Deep Dive into Valencia's History and Culture:
  • Valencia's rich history and diverse culture are best understood through the eyes of a local. Your private tour guide can share captivating stories, historical anecdotes, and cultural insights that you won't find in guidebooks. Whether you're wandering through medieval streets or exploring the wonders of the City of Arts and Sciences, their expertise will bring the city's heritage to life.
• Skip the Lines and Maximize Your Time:
  • With a local guide, you'll breeze past long lines at popular attractions, ensuring that you make the most of your limited time in Valencia. Instead of spending precious hours waiting, you'll be immersed in the city's wonders, from the awe-inspiring Valencia Cathedral to the vibrant Mercado Central.

Local tour guides can recommend hidden gems

• Personalized Experiences:
  • Your private tour guide will tailor the experience to your interests and preferences. Whether you're a history buff, a foodie eager to savor Valencian cuisine, or an art enthusiast yearning to explore the city's museums, your guide will craft a personalized itinerary that suits your tastes.
• Authentic Local Recommendations:
  • One of the greatest benefits of a local guide is their insider knowledge. They can recommend hidden gems, local eateries, and off-the-beaten-path experiences that you might otherwise miss. From the best spot to try authentic paella to the coziest tapas bars, your guide will ensure you savor the true flavors of Valencia.
• Seamless Communication:
  • Navigating a foreign city can be challenging, especially if there's a language barrier. Your private tour guide will bridge that gap, providing clear communication and ensuring that you can fully engage with the city and its people.
• Enhancing Safety and Comfort:
  • Valencia is a safe and welcoming city, but like any destination, it's essential to stay vigilant. Your guide will provide local insights on safety, ensure you're aware of any cultural norms, and offer peace of mind as you explore the city's nooks and crannies.

While the beauty and charm of this city are undeniable, hiring a local private tour guide in Valencia elevates your experience from ordinary to extraordinary. They are your key to unlocking the city's hidden treasures and ensuring that your cruise stop in Valencia is a memorable and enriching adventure. So, don't forget to book your guide and embark on a journey through Valencia's captivating past and vibrant present. Your cruise experience will be all the more rewarding for it.

Tours suggested by the local private tour guides in Valencia

Local private tour guides in Valencia can offer a wide range of tours tailored to your interests and preferences. Here are some suggested tours that they may recommend:

• Historical Walking Tour:
  • Explore Valencia's rich history with a guided walking tour that takes you through the medieval streets of the Old Town (Ciutat Vella). Visit landmarks like the Valencia Cathedral, La Lonja de la Seda, and the Torres de Serranos.
• Art and Architecture Tour:
  • Discover Valencia's artistic heritage with a tour that includes visits to modernist buildings, such as the Central Market and the North Station, as well as contemporary masterpieces like the City of Arts and Sciences.

Walking tour in Valencia with a local tour guide, Plaza del Ayuntamiento de Valencia

• Culinary and Market Tour:
  • Experience Valencia's food culture on a culinary tour that includes a visit to the bustling Mercado Central. Sample local specialties, learn about traditional Valencian cuisine, and enjoy a taste of authentic paella.
• Wine and Tapas Tasting:
  • Take a journey through Valencia's wine regions with a wine-tasting tour. Visit local wineries, learn about the winemaking process, and savor a selection of regional wines paired with delicious tapas.

A plate of delicious Iberian ham on a wooden table background. Appetizing slices of Iberian ham. Acorn-fed Iberico Ham. Pata Negra - typical Spanish food

• Bike Tour along the Turia Gardens:
  • Enjoy a leisurely bike tour along the Turia River Gardens, a beautiful green space created in the former riverbed. Your guide will lead you through the park, showcasing its gardens, bridges, and the stunning City of Arts and Sciences.
• Beach and Seafood Tour:
  • Explore Valencia's beaches, including Malvarrosa and Cabanyal, with a relaxing beach and seafood tour. Sample fresh seafood dishes at beachfront restaurants and take in the Mediterranean views.
• Valencia's Fallas Festival Experience:
  • If your visit coincides with the Las Fallas festival in March, your guide can provide an immersive experience. Witness the spectacular sculptures, participate in traditional festivities, and enjoy the fireworks.

Valencian Falla burning in a street

• Albufera Natural Park Excursion:
  • Venture beyond the city to the Albufera Natural Park, a stunning wetland area known for its picturesque lake and rice fields. Take a boat ride on the Albufera Lake and savor a traditional paella lunch.
• Street Art and Graffiti Tour:
  • Explore Valencia's vibrant street art scene with a guided tour of colorful murals and urban artworks. Learn about the artists and the messages behind the street art.

Valencian Street Art

• Valencia by Night Tour:
  • Experience the city's nightlife with an evening tour. Visit lively neighborhoods, enjoy tapas and drinks at local bars, and soak in the vibrant atmosphere of Valencia after dark.

Remember that these tours can be customized to your preferences, and your private tour guide will adapt your itinerary to ensure you have a memorable and enriching experience in Valencia. Whether you're interested in history, culture, cuisine, or outdoor adventures, there's a tour to suit your interests in this captivating city.

Video on our YouTube Channel @PrivateGuideWorld announcing the articles about the shore excursions in 23 passenger ports of Europe in the Article Category SHORE EXCURSIONS IN THE CITY PORT on our online platform

The Cost of Private Tour Guide Services in Valencia

The cost of private tour guide services in Valencia can vary depending on several factors, including the type and duration of the tour, the expertise of the guide, and any additional services or inclusions. Here's a general guideline for the cost of hiring a private tour guide in Valencia:

• Walking Tours:
  • Basic walking tours of Valencia's historic sites and attractions typically start at around €50 to €100 for a group of up to 2-4 people and can last 2-3 hours. Prices may increase with larger groups or extended tour durations.

 

List of local tour guides in Valencia from the online platform PRIVATE GUIDE WORLD at www.pg.world

• Specialized Tours:
  • Specialized tours, such as culinary tours, art and architecture tours, or wine-tasting tours, may have higher fees due to the expertise required. Expect to pay anywhere from €75 to €150 or more per person for these experiences.
• Full-Day Tours:
  • Full-day private tours that cover multiple attractions, including transportation and meals, can range from €200 to €400 per person, depending on the itinerary and group size.
• Customized Tours:
  • If you have specific interests or wish to customize your tour extensively, the price may be negotiated with the guide. Customized tours can range from €150 to €300 or more, depending on the complexity of the itinerary.

The number of participants in your group can affect the cost of tour guide's services

• Additional Costs:
  • Be aware that some private guides may charge extra for entrance fees to museums or attractions, transportation, or special activities included in the tour. Always inquire about what is included in the tour price.
• Language Preference:
  • If you require a guide who speaks a language other than Spanish or Valencian, there may be an additional fee for language interpretation.
• Group Size:
  • The number of participants in your group can affect the cost. Smaller groups often receive more personalized attention, but larger groups may pay a lower per-person rate. It's important to communicate your preferences and budget with potential tour guides when booking them on our platform PRIVATE GUIDE WORLD at www.pg.world. Additionally, consider reading reviews and checking the guide's qualifications and experience to ensure you receive a high-quality and informative tour.

The Hemisfèric is a singular and spectacular building, designed by Santiago Calatrava, which represents a great human eye, the eye of wisdom. This element symbolizes the look and observation of the world that visitors discover through surprising audiovisual projections. The oval-shaped roof, over 100 meters long, covers the sphere of the modern projection room. the building is surrounded by water. Inside Hemisfèric there is a large screening room used for conferences, shows and screenings of 3D IMAX films.

It is the largest theater in Spain that houses three projection systems on a 900 square meter concave screen: Large format cinema, IMAX Dome. 3D digital cinema. Measurements of the 3D screen, rectangle of approximately 16x8 meters.

Keep in mind that these are approximate price ranges, and rates may vary between individual tour guides and tour companies. Prices can also fluctuate based on seasonal demand and special events in Valencia. Before booking, it's a good idea to request quotes from several guides or tour operators to compare options and find the best value for your needs.

And now let's have a short look at the most iconic landmarks of Valencia:

City of Arts and Sciences

The City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia is one of the largest scientific and cultural complexes in Europe. It is made up of impressive buildings such as the Hemisfèric and Oceanogràfic and stands out because of its avant-garde architecture, designed by renowned architects Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela. This great architectural complex, designed for entertainment, is one of the most visited attractions in Valencia and is a must when you come to the capital of Turia!

The City of Arts and Sciences (Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias) in Valencia is a remarkable complex of modern architectural wonders. Each of its prominent buildings showcases cutting-edge design and serves a unique purpose. Let's delve into individual chapters for the four most prominent structures within this iconic landmark:

L'Hemisfèric (The Hemisfèric):

Designed to resemble a colossal eye, L'Hemisfèric is an extraordinary building that combines an IMAX cinema, planetarium, and laserium, making it an immersive multimedia experience. Key highlights include:

IMAX Cinema: The Hemisfèric boasts an enormous concave screen where visitors can watch breathtaking films on diverse subjects, from natural wonders to space exploration.

Planetarium: It offers fascinating astronomical shows that transport viewers to the depths of the universe, providing insights into the cosmos and celestial phenomena.

Laserium: At night, the building transforms into a canvas for mesmerizing laser light shows, often accompanied by music, creating a captivating spectacle.

El Museu de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe (The Prince Philip Science Museum):

This science museum is a marvel of modern architecture and interactive learning. It's designed to be an engaging educational experience for visitors of all ages. Highlights include:

The Museu de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe is over 40,000 square meters (430,000 sq ft), has a height of 55 meters (180 ft), and it resembles the skeleton of a whale, a façade that was designed by Santiago Calatrava

Hands-On Exhibits: The museum features numerous interactive exhibits, making it an ideal destination for families and science enthusiasts. Visitors can explore topics ranging from human biology to technology and physics.

The Dinosaurs Gallery: A favorite among many, this exhibit showcases life-sized dinosaur models and provides insight into the prehistoric world.

L'Umbracle (The Umbracle):

L'Umbracle is a unique structure that serves as both a garden and an art gallery. It's a beautiful contrast to the futuristic designs of the other buildings in the complex. Key features include:

• Botanical Garden: Stroll through the lush gardens within the Umbracle, where a variety of local and exotic plant species thrive. The gardens offer a tranquil escape and an opportunity to appreciate nature within the modern cityscape.

L'Umbracle is a complex in Valencia, Spain, is a sculpture garden and landscaped walk with plant species indigenous to Valencia

• Outdoor Art Gallery: As you wander through the Umbracle, you'll encounter a collection of contemporary sculptures and artworks, adding an artistic dimension to the natural surroundings.

El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofia (The Queen Sofia Palace of the Arts):

This stunning building is dedicated to the performing arts and is known for its striking design. It's a cultural hub featuring opera, music, dance, and theater. Highlights include:

El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofia

Opera and Music Performances: The Palau de Les Arts hosts world-class opera and music events, attracting both international and local talent. It's a cultural epicenter for classical music enthusiasts.

Spectacular Architecture: The building itself is a work of art, with its futuristic, angular design and reflective surfaces. It's particularly impressive when illuminated at night.

Each of these buildings within the City of Arts and Sciences contributes to Valencia's cultural and artistic landscape, making it a must-visit destination for travelers seeking a blend of contemporary architecture and enriching experiences in science, arts, and entertainment.

The Reina Sofía Palace of the Arts (Spanish: Palacio de las Artes Reina Sofía) is an opera house, performing arts center, and city landmark designed by Santiago Calatrava in the northwestern part of the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia

Central Market

The Central Market, known as Mercado Central in Spanish, is one of Valencia's most iconic and vibrant landmarks. Located in the heart of the city, it is a must-visit destination for tourists and a bustling hub for locals. Here's a detailed look at the Mercado Central:

• History:
  • The Central Market was inaugurated in 1928, although its history dates back to the 19th century when an open-air market operated on the same site.
  • The market's architecture, with its striking modernist design featuring iron and glass, reflects the era's artistic influences.

• Architecture:
  • The Central Market's building is a masterpiece of modernist architecture, characterized by its intricate ironwork and colorful ceramic tilework on the facade.
  • The market's interior is a spacious and light-filled hall with a vaulted ceiling, adorned with beautiful mosaics and frescoes.
• Products and Vendors:
  • The Mercado Central is renowned for its vast selection of fresh produce, seafood, meats, dairy products, and more. It's a food lover's paradise.
  • Local vendors, many of whom have been in business for generations, offer a wide range of regional and international products.
  • You can find everything from fresh fruits and vegetables to spices, olives, cured meats, cheeses, and freshly baked bread.

Interior of Central Market in Valencia

• Local Cuisine:
  • While exploring the market, you can sample authentic Valencian cuisine at the various stalls and eateries within. Don't miss the opportunity to try traditional dishes like horchata (a sweet, milky beverage) and bunyols (fried dough pastries).
• Shopping and Souvenirs:
  • In addition to fresh produce and ingredients, the Central Market offers a variety of local products and souvenirs, including ceramics, spices, and artisanal goods.
• Cultural Experience:
  • Visiting Mercado Central is not just about shopping; it's also an immersive cultural experience. You can observe the daily life of Valencians as they shop for their groceries and socialize with friends and neighbors.
  • The lively atmosphere, the chatter of vendors, and the colorful displays of fruits and vegetables create a sensory-rich environment.

Valencia Oranges, due to their flavor, which is a consequence of their geographical location and climate, are considered and recognized internationally as the best oranges in the world. Oranges were first introduced to Valencia by the Moors in the 10th century. The Moorish sultans brought orange trees to Spain principally as an ornamental decoration for their palaces and mosques, filling their gardens with the aroma of the orange blossom.

Oranges have been a signature agricultural product of Spain for almost a millennium, but growers are still finding new ways to connect with foreign markets. Oranges are not native to Spain, but they have colored the hills and scented the cities of Spain since the Moors planted the first seeds some 800 years ago.

• Opening Hours:
  • The market is typically open from early morning until mid-afternoon, and it's closed on Sundays and holidays.
• Tips for Visiting:
  • Arrive early in the morning to experience the market at its liveliest and to find the freshest products.

Bring cash, as many vendors may not accept credit cards. Be respectful of vendors and fellow shoppers as you explore the bustling market. The Mercado Central is not only a place to buy fresh ingredients but also a cultural landmark where you can immerse yourself in the culinary traditions and daily life of Valencia. It's a sensory delight and a must-visit destination for anyone traveling to the city.

Facade in Lonha de la Seda

Lonha de la Seda

La Lonja de la Seda, also known as the Silk Exchange, is one of Valencia's most prominent historical landmarks and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It's a stunning example of Gothic civil architecture and holds significant historical and cultural importance. Here's an overview of La Lonja de la Seda:

Historical Significance:

• La Lonja de la Seda was built between the 15th and 16th centuries, during Valencia's Golden Age when the city was a major Mediterranean trading hub.
• The building served as the city's main silk exchange and a center for commerce, where merchants would negotiate and finalize business transactions related to silk, which was one of Valencia's most important exports at the time.

Gothic Architecture in Lonha de la Seda

Architecture:

• La Lonja is renowned for its exquisite Gothic architecture, characterized by intricate stone carvings, pointed arches, and ribbed vaults.
• The main hall, known as the Sala de Contratación (Contract Hall), is an architectural masterpiece with its soaring columns and stunning ceiling.
• The building is divided into three main sections: the Hall of Columns, the Hall of Contracts, and the Tower, each with its unique architectural features.

Key Features:

• The Hall of Columns (Sala de Columnas): This area is characterized by a stunning forest of twisted columns that support the upper floors. It is an awe-inspiring space and one of the most photographed parts of La Lonja.
• The Hall of Contracts (Sala de Contratación): This grand hall features a magnificent star-shaped vaulted ceiling and is where business deals are sealed. It's a testament to the prosperity and sophistication of Valencia during the Renaissance.

The gothic-style ceiling in Lonha de la Seda

The Tower (Torre):

• The tower of La Lonja offers panoramic views of Valencia and the surrounding area. It served as a lookout point and also housed the archives of the silk trade.

UNESCO World Heritage Status:

• La Lonja de la Seda was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. It was recognized for its historical significance as a symbol of Valencia's economic and cultural prominence during the Renaissance.

Visiting La Lonja de la Seda:

• Today, La Lonja de la Seda is open to the public as a museum. Visitors can explore the remarkable architecture and learn about Valencia's history.
• The building also occasionally hosts cultural events, exhibitions, and concerts.

La Lonja de la Seda is not only a testament to Valencia's glorious past as a trading powerhouse but also a magnificent architectural gem that showcases the city's rich cultural heritage. It's a must-visit attraction for history enthusiasts, architecture lovers, and anyone interested in the history of commerce in Europe.

Oceanographic Park of Valencia

Oceanographic Park of Valencia

The Oceanografic Park of Valencia, also known as the Oceanogràfic, is a prominent and popular attraction within the City of Arts and Sciences complex in Valencia, Spain. It is the largest aquarium in Europe and one of the most impressive marine parks in the world. Here's an overview of the Oceanografic:

Design and Architecture:

• The Oceanografic's design is characterized by its futuristic and avant-garde architecture, which harmoniously blends with the overall modernist style of the City of Arts and Sciences.
• The park is divided into several distinct areas, each representing different aquatic environments from around the world.

Jellyfish in Oceanographic Park in Valencia

Variety of Marine Life:

• The Oceanografic is home to a vast and diverse collection of marine species, including fish, mammals, birds, and reptiles. It provides an immersive experience for visitors to explore the world's oceans without leaving Valencia.
• Some of the notable inhabitants include dolphins, sea lions, penguins, sharks, jellyfish, and a wide range of tropical fish.

Underwater Tunnels:

• One of the highlights of the Oceanografic is its underwater tunnels that allow visitors to walk through transparent tubes surrounded by water. This unique perspective provides an up-close view of marine life as if you were underwater with them.

Tunnels in the Oceanographic Park of Valencia are full of surprises

Dolphin Shows and Performances:

• The park often hosts engaging dolphin and sea lion shows that are both entertaining and educational. These shows showcase the intelligence and agility of these remarkable animals.

Educational Programs:

• The Oceanografic is committed to marine conservation and education. It offers educational programs, workshops, and exhibitions to raise awareness about marine ecosystems and the importance of protecting them.

Jellyfish from Oceanographic Park in Valencia

Themed Exhibits:

• The park features themed exhibits that recreate various marine environments, including the Mediterranean, tropical oceans, the Arctic, and Antarctic regions. Each area is carefully designed to provide an authentic experience for both visitors and the animals.

Rehabilitation and Conservation:

• The Oceanografic is actively involved in the rescue and rehabilitation of injured or stranded marine animals. It plays a role in conservation efforts, contributing to the preservation of marine biodiversity.

Dining and Shopping:

• Visitors can enjoy dining at the on-site restaurants and cafes, offering a range of cuisines. There are also souvenir shops where you can purchase marine-themed gifts and memorabilia.

Accessibility and Visitor Experience:

• The park is designed to be accessible to people of all ages and abilities, making it a family-friendly attraction.

Guided tours with local private tour guides from the cross-platform application PRIVATE GUIDE WORLD are available to enhance the visitor experience. The Oceanografic Park of Valencia offers a captivating journey into the fascinating world of marine life. It's an ideal destination for nature enthusiasts, families, and anyone interested in the wonders of the ocean. The combination of its educational initiatives, conservation efforts, and immersive exhibits makes it a must-visit attraction in Valencia.

Torre de Serranos - gate in Valencia, Spain

Serranos Towers

The Serranos Towers, known as Torres de Serranos in Spanish, are a pair of imposing medieval gates that were once part of the city's defensive walls in Valencia, Spain. These towers are not only a significant historical landmark but also an excellent example of Valencia's medieval architecture. Here's an overview of the Serranos Towers:

History:

• Construction: The Serranos Towers were built between 1392 and 1398, during the rule of Pere el Cerimoniós (Peter IV of Aragon). They were constructed to fortify the city and serve as one of its main gateways.
• Defensive Purpose: During the Middle Ages, Valencia was a walled city, and the Serranos Towers played a crucial role in the city's defense. They were named after the surrounding neighborhood, known as Serranos.

Architecture and Design:

• Gothic Style: The towers exhibit a predominantly Gothic architectural style, characterized by pointed arches, crenelated battlements, and sturdy stone construction.
• Twin Towers: The Serranos Towers consist of two nearly identical, symmetrical towers connected by a central archway. This archway allowed passage for people, carriages, and even ceremonial processions.

Serranos Towers Dome, Valencia, Spain

• Merlons and Machicolations: The tops of the towers feature merlons (protruding stone battlements) and machicolations (openings through which objects or substances could be dropped onto attackers).
• Impressive Staircase: A grand stone staircase leads visitors to the top of the towers, providing panoramic views of the city and surrounding areas.

Cultural Significance:

• Heritage Site: The Serranos Towers are a designated National Historic Monument and are recognized for their historical and architectural significance.
• Cultural Events: The towers have been used for various cultural events and exhibitions, making them an essential part of Valencia's cultural scene.

Visitor Experience:

• Panoramic Views: Climbing to the top of the Serranos Towers offers visitors breathtaking panoramic views of Valencia. It's an excellent vantage point to appreciate the city's layout and landmarks.

Panoramic view  of Valencia from the Serranos Towers

• Educational Exhibitions: Occasionally, there are exhibitions and displays inside the towers, providing insights into their history and the role they played in the city's defense.
• Cultural Activities: The towers are sometimes used as venues for cultural events, including concerts and performances.
• Accessibility: The Serranos Towers are accessible to visitors, including those with limited mobility, thanks to modern amenities like elevators and ramps.

The Serranos Towers are a testament to Valencia's medieval past and a reminder of the city's historical importance as a thriving Mediterranean hub. Their well-preserved architecture and accessibility make them a must-visit attraction for tourists interested in history and architecture.

Plaça de la Verge

Plaça de la Verge, also known as Plaza de la Virgen in Spanish, is one of the most emblematic and historic squares in Valencia, Spain. Located in the heart of the city's Old Town (Ciutat Vella), this charming square is a hub of cultural, religious, and historical significance. Here's an overview of Plaça de la Verge:

Plaza de la Virgen in Valencia by night

Historical Significance:

• Plaça de la Verge has played a central role in Valencia's history for centuries. It was once the site of the Roman forum and later served as a public square during the Moorish period.

Iconic Landmarks: The square is surrounded by several iconic landmarks, making it a focal point for both residents and visitors. Notable buildings and monuments include:

• Valencia Cathedral (Catedral de Valencia): One of the most prominent features of the square, the cathedral showcases a mix of architectural styles, including Gothic, Romanesque, and Baroque. It houses the Holy Grail Chapel.

The interior of la Catedral de Valencia

• Basilica of the Virgin of the Helpless (Basílica de la Mare de Déu dels Desemparats): This basilica is dedicated to the patron saint of Valencia, the Virgin of the Helpless (La Mare de Déu dels Desemparats), and features a stunning dome and façade.
• Turia Fountain (Fuente del Turia): An elegant neoclassical fountain at the center of the square.

Turia Fountain in Valencia, Spain with Basilica del Mare and Valencia Cathedral in the background

Views and Photography:

• Plaça de la Verge offers excellent photo opportunities, especially with the backdrop of the cathedral and basilica. The Turia Fountain also adds to the picturesque ambiance.

Cultural Heritage:

• The square is a testament to Valencia's cultural and religious heritage and is often visited by tourists interested in history and architecture.

Visiting Plaça de la Verge allows you to immerse yourself in Valencia's rich history, architecture, and culture. Whether you're exploring its historic buildings, attending a cultural event, or simply enjoying a leisurely stroll, this square is a must-see destination for anyone visiting the city.

La Iglesia di San Nicola di Bari e San Pietro martire in Valencia

La Iglesia di San Nicola di Bari e San Pietro martire

The Iglesia de San Nicolás de Bari y San Pedro Mártir, often referred to simply as San Nicolás, is a historic church located in the city of Valencia, Spain. Here's an overview of this notable church:

History:

• Construction: The church was originally built in the 13th century, during the Gothic period of architecture. It is one of Valencia's most prominent examples of Gothic religious architecture.
• Architectural Style: San Nicolás de Bari y San Pedro Mártir showcases classic Gothic architectural features, including pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and intricate stone carvings.
• Historical Significance: The church has played a significant role in Valencia's history and religious life for centuries, serving as a place of worship and a center for religious activities.

Unique Features:

• Fresco Paintings: San Nicolás is renowned for its stunning frescoes that cover the interior walls and ceiling. These frescoes depict various religious scenes and narratives, making the church a veritable Sistine Chapel of Valencia.
• Silk Market Connection: The church's location is close to the historic Silk Exchange (La Lonja de la Seda), which was a hub of commerce during Valencia's Silk Road era. San Nicolás served as a place of worship for traders and merchants involved in the silk trade.

Restoration and Preservation:

• Recent Restoration: In recent years, San Nicolás has undergone extensive restoration efforts to preserve its frescoes and architectural integrity. The restoration work has brought renewed attention to the church.

Visitor Experience:

• Today, the church is open to visitors who can admire its remarkable frescoes and experience the ambiance of this historic place of worship.

Tourism and Events:

• Tourist Attraction: San Nicolás is a popular tourist attraction in Valencia due to its unique frescoes and historical significance.
• Cultural Events: The church occasionally hosts cultural events, concerts, and exhibitions, contributing to Valencia's cultural scene.

Visiting Iglesia de San Nicolás de Bari y San Pedro Mártir offers a chance to appreciate Valencia's rich history, Gothic architecture, and the beauty of its frescoes. It is a must-visit for travelers interested in history, art, and religious heritage.

Miguelete

The Miguelete, also known as El Micalet in Valencian, is one of Valencia's most iconic landmarks and a prominent symbol of the city. It refers to the bell tower of the Valencia Cathedral (Catedral de Valencia), and it has a rich history and architectural significance. Here's an overview of the Miguelete:

Graff Zeppelin flies over El Miguelete 1929

History:

• Construction of the Miguelete began in the 14th century and continued over several centuries. The tower's final design reflects a blend of architectural styles, including Romanesque, Gothic, and Baroque elements.

Architecture:

• The Miguelete is an exquisite example of Valencian Gothic architecture, characterized by its intricate stone carvings, pointed arches, and ribbed vaults.
• The tower reaches a height of approximately 51 meters (167 feet) and offers panoramic views of Valencia from its upper levels.

Bell Tower:

• The Miguelete houses a set of 11 bells, with the largest bell weighing approximately 10,000 kilograms (22,000 pounds). These bells chime regularly and contribute to the city's auditory landscape.

Historical Significance:

• The Miguelete has historical significance as it was constructed over several centuries and reflects the evolving architectural styles of the time. It is also linked to the history of the Valencia Cathedral.

Miguelete in Valencia

Views and Accessibility:

• Visitors can climb the tower's spiral staircase to reach the top, where they are rewarded with breathtaking panoramic views of Valencia. On a clear day, you can see the surrounding city and even the Mediterranean Sea.

Symbol of Valencia:

• The Miguelete is an enduring symbol of Valencia and is often featured on postcards and promotional materials representing the city.

Miguelete in Valencia

Cultural and Religious Importance:

• As part of the Valencia Cathedral, the Miguelete is integral to the city's religious life and cultural heritage. The cathedral itself is dedicated to Saint Mary of Valencia (Santa Maria de València).

Restoration and Preservation:

• The Miguelete has undergone restoration and preservation efforts over the years to maintain its structural integrity and historical value.

Visiting the Miguelete is a memorable experience for tourists and locals alike. Climbing to the top of the tower provides not only stunning views but also a connection to Valencia's rich history and architectural heritage. It's an iconic site that encapsulates the city's charm and character.

Panoramic view over Valencia during the golden hour

Prince Felipe Science Museum

The Prince Felipe Science Museum, known as the Museo de las Ciencias Príncipe Felipe in Spanish, is one of the prominent buildings within the City of Arts and Sciences complex in Valencia, Spain. This science museum is dedicated to interactive, hands-on learning and is a popular destination for visitors of all ages. Here's an overview of the Prince Felipe Science Museum:

• Architecture and Design:
• The museum's architecture is a striking blend of modernism and innovation, reflecting the overall aesthetic of the City of Arts and Sciences. It was designed by renowned architect Santiago Calatrava.
• The building is characterized by its unique skeletal structure, which resembles the skeleton of a whale. This design allows for spacious, open interiors and a sense of movement.

El Museo de las Ciencias

• Interactive Science Exhibits:
• The museum's primary focus is on making science engaging and accessible to visitors. It features a wide range of interactive and hands-on exhibits that cover various scientific disciplines, including physics, biology, technology, and more.
• Visitors can explore exhibits related to astronomy, robotics, human biology, genetics, and environmental science. The interactive nature of the exhibits encourages active learning and experimentation.
• Hemisfèric and Umbracle:
• The museum is located adjacent to the Hemisfèric (IMAX cinema and planetarium) and the Umbracle (botanical garden and outdoor art gallery), making it part of the larger cultural and educational complex of the City of Arts and Sciences.

The City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia is situated in a two-kilometer-long area on the old Turia River bed. It is made up of six large elements which are presented in this rare photo made by a talented photographer:

• the Hemisfèric (IMAX Cinema and digital films) on the front left,
• the Umbracle (landscaped vantage point) on the front right,
• the Príncipe Felipe Science Museum (an innovative interactive science center) - the second on the left,
• the Oceanogràfic (Europe's largest aquarium with over 500 marine species) on the far end.

• Temporary Exhibitions:
• In addition to its permanent exhibits, the Prince Felipe Science Museum often hosts temporary exhibitions that delve into specific scientific topics, emerging technologies, and contemporary scientific advancements.
• Educational Programs:
• The museum offers educational programs and workshops for schools and families, promoting scientific literacy and exploration.
• Visitor Experience:
• The hands-on and interactive nature of the museum makes it an engaging experience for visitors of all ages, from young children to adults.
• The architecture itself is a point of interest, with visitors often admiring the structural design and open spaces.
• Accessibility:
• The museum is designed to be accessible to individuals with disabilities, ensuring that everyone can enjoy and participate in the exhibits.

Prince Felipe Science Museum

The Prince Felipe Science Museum in Valencia is a place where science comes to life through interactive and immersive experiences. It's not only a destination for learning but also a celebration of the wonders of the natural world and the scientific discoveries that shape our understanding of it. Whether you're a science enthusiast or simply curious about the world around you, this museum offers an enriching and entertaining experience.

Ceramics Museum in Marqués de Dos Aguas Palace

The Ceramics Museum in Marqués de Dos Aguas Palace, known as the Museo Nacional de Cerámica y Artes Suntuarias González Martí, is a prestigious museum located within the stunning Marqués de Dos Aguas Palace in Valencia, Spain. This museum is renowned for its extensive collection of ceramics and decorative arts, housed in a magnificent palace setting. Here's an overview of the Ceramics Museum in Marqués de Dos Aguas Palace:

Detail of Rococo windows in Marqués de Dos Aguas Palace in Valencia

• Palace Architecture:

The Marqués de Dos Aguas Palace is an architectural masterpiece that combines various styles, including Baroque and Rococo. The palace facade is particularly notable for its intricate sculptural work.

• History of the Palace:

The palace was originally built in the 15th century and underwent significant renovations in the 18th century when it was transformed into a grand aristocratic residence. It later became a museum in the 20th century.

Rabbit bowl in the ceramics museum in Valencia

• Ceramics and Decorative Arts Collection:

The museum's primary focus is on ceramics and decorative arts, showcasing an extensive and diverse collection of ceramics, porcelain, pottery, and decorative objects from various regions and time periods.

Visitors can admire a wide range of ceramics, including traditional Valencian ceramics, porcelain from the Royal Factory of Alcora, and Spanish and international porcelain from different eras.

• Furnishings and Decor:

In addition to ceramics, the museum's exhibits include period furnishings, textiles, sculptures, and other decorative arts. These elements provide insight into the lifestyle and tastes of the aristocracy during different historical periods.

• González Martí Collection:

The museum is home to the González Martí Collection, which includes valuable and rare pieces of ceramics and decorative arts collected by the González Martí family over generations.

• Temporary Exhibitions:

The museum often hosts temporary exhibitions that explore specific themes related to ceramics and decorative arts, providing fresh perspectives and insights.

Portal of the Palace of the Marquis de Dos Aguas, Valencia, Spain

• Accessibility:

The museum is accessible to visitors with disabilities, making it inclusive for all.

• Visitor Experience:

The Ceramics Museum in Marqués de Dos Aguas Palace offers visitors a glimpse into the rich history of ceramics and decorative arts in Spain and beyond. The opulent palace setting adds to the ambiance of the museum, creating a unique and immersive experience.

• Location:

The museum is conveniently located in the city center of Valencia, making it easily accessible to tourists exploring the historic district. Visiting the Ceramics Museum in Marqués de Dos Aguas Palace allows you to appreciate the artistry and craftsmanship of ceramics and decorative arts while immersing yourself in the splendor of a beautifully preserved palace. It's a cultural gem in Valencia that offers a fascinating journey through history and art.

Valencia harbor, port twilight

The Ports of Valencia

Valencia is home to two significant ports: the Port of Valencia (Port de València) and the Port of Sagunto (Port de Sagunt). These ports play a crucial role in the region's economy and serve as important points of entry for cruise passengers. Here's some useful information for cruise passengers visiting the industrial and passenger ports of Valencia:

Port of Valencia (Port de València):

• Location: The Port of Valencia is situated on the eastern coast of Spain, along the Mediterranean Sea. It is conveniently located near the city center of Valencia, making it easily accessible for cruise passengers.
• Cruise Terminals: The port has modern and efficient cruise terminals to handle passenger arrivals and departures. Terminal facilities offer services such as baggage handling, customs, and immigration.

In the vibrant port city of Valencia, a colossal cruise ship dominates the nocturnal skyline, its illuminated facade reflecting upon the shimmering waters

• Cruise Lines: The Port of Valencia welcomes cruise ships from various cruise lines, offering a variety of itineraries in the Mediterranean.
• Transportation: Cruise passengers can easily access the city of Valencia from the port. Taxis, shuttle buses, and public transportation options are available to take you to the city center, where you can explore Valencia's attractions.
• Attractions: Valencia offers a wide range of attractions for cruise passengers to explore, including the City of Arts and Sciences, historic neighborhoods, the Central Market, and beautiful beaches.

in Valencia, an industrial port with cranes adjacent to a yacht pier

Port of Sagunto (Port de Sagunt):

• Location: The Port of Sagunto is located approximately 25 kilometers (15.5 miles) north of Valencia and is a secondary port in the region.
• Cruise Facilities: While the Port of Sagunto primarily handles industrial and cargo traffic, it can also accommodate smaller cruise ships. It offers basic facilities for cruise passengers, but it is less commonly used for cruise arrivals compared to the Port of Valencia.
• Transportation: Transportation options are available to take cruise passengers from the Port of Sagunto to the city of Valencia or other nearby destinations.

Tips for Cruise Passengers:

• Plan your shore excursions in advance: Valencia offers a wide range of tours and activities, so consider booking your excursions ahead of time to make the most of your visit.

• Currency: The official currency in Valencia is the Euro (EUR). It's a good idea to have some local currency on hand for small expenses.
• Language: Spanish is the official language in Valencia, but many locals also speak English, especially in tourist areas.
• Local Cuisine: Don't miss the opportunity to sample local Valencian dishes, including paella, which originated in the region.
• Safety: Valencia is generally considered a safe destination for tourists. However, it's always a good practice to keep an eye on your belongings and exercise caution in crowded areas.

Cruise passengers visiting Valencia have the opportunity to explore the city's rich history, culture, and culinary delights while enjoying the convenience of well-equipped cruise terminals and transportation options. Whether you're interested in history, architecture, or simply relaxing on the beach, Valencia offers something for everyone.

Cruise ships do not ignore such a beautiful city as Valencia

Valenciano in Valencia

In Valencia and the broader region of Valencia, a unique variety of the Spanish language known as Valencian, or Valenciano in Spanish, is spoken. Valencian is one of the co-official languages of the Valencian Community, alongside Spanish. While it shares many similarities with Catalan, another co-official language in the area, Valencian has its distinct features, including pronunciation and vocabulary.

Pronunciation and Unique Features:

• Pronunciation of Ll and Y: One of the most distinctive features of Valencian is its pronunciation of the letters ll and y. In many other Spanish dialects, these letters are pronounced like the English y in yes. However, in Valencian, ll and y are pronounced more like the ll sound in the English word million or the ch sound in the Scottish loch.
• Vowel System: Valencian features a vowel system similar to Catalan, which includes a distinction between open and closed vowels. This distinction affects the pronunciation of words and is different from the vowel system in standard Spanish.
• Use of Diphthongs: Valencian often uses diphthongs, which are combinations of two vowel sounds in one syllable. This can result in unique pronunciation patterns compared to standard Spanish.

• Regional Vocabulary: Valencian has some regional vocabulary and idiomatic expressions that may differ from standard Spanish. While you'll find many Spanish words in common use, you may also encounter Valencian words or phrases, especially in local settings.
• Influence from Catalan: Valencian shares linguistic similarities with Catalan, as both languages have a common historical and linguistic heritage. This influence can be observed in vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar.
• Bilingualism: Many Valencians are bilingual and are fluent in both Valencian and Spanish. The level of proficiency in Valencian may vary among individuals, with some speaking it as their primary language and others using it alongside Spanish.

Comparative characteristics of the three Spanish cities Madrid-Barcelona-Valencia

It's important to note that Valencian is not universally spoken by all residents of Valencia, and many Valencians are fluent in standard Spanish as well. The level of usage of Valencian may also vary depending on the specific region within the Valencian Community. For visitors to Valencia, especially in tourist areas and larger cities like Valencia itself, standard Spanish is widely understood and spoken. However, if you venture into smaller towns and rural areas, you may encounter more frequent use of Valencian, so it can be helpful to learn a few basic phrases in both languages to enhance your cultural experience and interactions with locals.

Colorful skyline of Valencia city

Recommended Souvenirs from Valencia

Valencia offers a variety of unique and traditional souvenirs that reflect the city's culture, history, and vibrant atmosphere. When you visit Valencia, consider bringing back some of these recommended souvenirs:

• Traditional Ceramics: Valencia is known for its beautiful ceramics. Look for hand-painted tiles, plates, and decorative pottery featuring colorful designs inspired by traditional Spanish and Valencian motifs.
• Lladro Porcelain: Lladro is a world-renowned Spanish brand that creates exquisite porcelain figurines. You can find a wide range of Lladro pieces, including sculptures and collectibles.

Sculpture Lakshman. Luster gold

• Horchata and Fartons: Valencia is famous for its refreshing horchata, a sweet and milky beverage made from tiger nuts. Pick up a bottle of horchata and some traditional Fartons (sweet, elongated pastries) to enjoy a taste of Valencia at home.
• Valencian Oranges: Valencia is known for its delicious oranges. You can buy fresh oranges or orange products like marmalades, chocolates, and liqueurs made from Valencian oranges.
• Paella Cookware: Since Valencia is the birthplace of paella, consider buying paella pans and cookware as souvenirs. These make practical and authentic gifts for food enthusiasts.

Spanish Paella

• Traditional Valencian Fabrics: Look for traditional Valencian fabrics and textiles featuring intricate patterns and vibrant colors. These can be used as tablecloths, shawls, or decorative pieces.
• Saffron: Spain, including Valencia, is known for producing high-quality saffron. Buy some saffron threads to add a touch of Spanish flavor to your cooking.
• Espadrilles: Traditional Spanish espadrilles are comfortable and stylish footwear options. They come in various designs and colors and make for fashionable souvenirs.

Turquoise espadrille

• Ceramic Tiles with Valencian Motifs: Decorative ceramic tiles featuring Valencian scenes, landscapes, and architecture are popular keepsakes.
• Artisanal Liqueurs: Valencia offers a range of artisanal liqueurs, such as Agua de Valencia (a cocktail made with orange juice, cava, and gin) or Mistela (a sweet wine). These make for unique and flavorful souvenirs.
• Handcrafted Fans: Spanish fans, or abanicos, are not only practical for staying cool but also beautiful works of art. You can find hand-painted fans with intricate designs and patterns.
• Local Crafts: Explore local markets and artisan shops for unique handcrafted jewelry, leather goods, and artwork created by local artisans.
• Postcards and Art Prints: Don't forget to pick up postcards and art prints featuring Valencia's landmarks and scenery as mementos of your visit.

Remember to shop at local markets, craft fairs, and specialty shops to find authentic and locally-made souvenirs. Whether you're looking for something practical or decorative, Valencia offers a wide range of options to choose from, allowing you to take home a piece of this vibrant and historic city.

Valencia, located on the eastern coast of Spain, is a vibrant and culturally rich city that offers a diverse range of experiences for travelers. Here's a final summary of what makes Valencia a compelling destination:

View over the gardens of the Real del Viveros in Valencia

• Historical and Architectural Treasures:
  • Valencia boasts a rich history dating back to Roman times and is filled with architectural gems that reflect its past, including the Valencia Cathedral, Serranos Towers, and the Silk Exchange (La Lonja de la Seda).
• Modern Marvels:
  • The City of Arts and Sciences complex, designed by Santiago Calatrava, is a testament to Valencia's modernity. It features stunning contemporary architecture and houses several cultural and scientific attractions.
• Culinary Delights:
  • Valencia is renowned for its cuisine, with paella being its most famous dish. Visitors can savor authentic Valencian paella and enjoy a wide range of Mediterranean and Spanish dishes at local restaurants and markets.
• Cultural Experiences:
  • The city is a hub of cultural activities, from music and theater to art exhibitions and festivals. Don't miss the Fallas festival, a lively and colorful celebration unique to Valencia.

Detail of the traditional Spanish Valencian Fallera dress, colorful fabrics with intricate embroidery

• Natural Beauty:
  • Valencia's beaches, including Playa de la Malvarrosa and Playa de las Arenas, offer a sunny escape along the Mediterranean coastline.
• Unique Language and Culture:
  • Valencia's linguistic and cultural heritage is distinct, with Valencian being one of the co-official languages. It adds a unique flavor to the local identity and interactions.
• Art and Museums:
  • Valencia houses numerous museums and galleries, including the Prince Felipe Science Museum and the Ceramics Museum in Marqués de Dos Aguas Palace.
• Shopping and Souvenirs:
  • Visitors can explore local markets, shops, and boutiques for ceramics, textiles, artisanal products, and other unique souvenirs.
• Port City:
  • The Port of Valencia is a gateway for cruise passengers, offering easy access to the city and its attractions.

Port of Valencia City

• Welcoming Atmosphere:
  • Valencia is known for its warm and welcoming atmosphere, making it a great destination for solo travelers, couples, and families alike.

Whether you're interested in history, art, cuisine, or simply soaking up the sun on the beach, Valencia provides a captivating blend of old-world charm and modern excitement. It's a city where you can explore ancient streets and contemporary structures, savor traditional dishes and innovative cuisine, and immerse yourself in a vibrant and multifaceted culture. Valencia's blend of history, culture, and natural beauty ensures a memorable and enriching travel experience.

Firework at Valencia

 

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